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surdo is a large drum often about half a metre in diameter. It provides the bass downbeat of the rhythm. When a number of surdos are played together a powerful wave of sound is created.
tamborim, a small drum usually played with a stick or a multi-pronged plastic beater
agoga is a double bell
cowbells provide further bell sounds
caixa, a type of thin snare drum
cuica, a single headed drum with a stick mounted inside the drum body, perpendicular to the head. The instrument is played by rubbing a damp cloth along the length of this stick, while pressing the head of the drum with a finger or thumb. The closer to the stick the finger is pressed, the higher the pitch of the sound is produced. The cuica creates a unique sound, which can sometimes sound like a human voice.
timba, a long drum that is used to produce low tones in the ensemble. It is usually played with one hand on the head, and the other beating the body of the drum.
pandeiro, similar to a tambourine and played elaborately with the hand. Unlike the tambourine, the pandeiro can be tuned.
recophone a hollow instrument with a ridged exterior surface that is scraped with a stick which can be made of wood or metal, even an old hubcap
apito, a small whistle whose sound cuts through an ensemble.
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